In my presentation, I’m going to talk about coffee, and its importance both in economic and social terms. We think it was first drunk in the Arab world, but there’s hardly any documentary evidence of it before the 1500s, although of course that doesn’t mean that people didn’t know about it before then.
However, there is evidence that coffee was originally gathered from bushes growing wild in Ethiopia, in the northeast of Africa. In the early sixteenth century, it was being bought by traders, and gradually its use as a drink spread throughout the Middle East. It’s also known that in 1522, in the Turkish city of Constantinople, which was the centre of the Ottoman Empire, the court physician approved its use as a medicine.
By the mid-1500s, coffee bushes were being cultivated in the Yemen and for the next hundred years this region produced most of the coffee drunk in Africa and the Arab world. What’s particularly interesting about coffee is its effect on social life. It was rarely drunk at home, but instead people went to coffee houses to drink it. These people, usually men, would meet to drink coffee and chat about issues of the day. But at the time, this chance to share ideas and opinions was seen as something that was potentially dangerous, and in 1623 the ruler of Constantinople demanded the destruction of all the coffee houses in the city 【Q31】, although after his death many new ones opened, and coffee consumption continued. In the seventeenth century, coffee drinking spread to Europe, and here too coffee shops became places where ordinary people, nearly always men, could meet to exchange ideas. Because of this, some people said that these places performed a similar function to universities 【Q32】. The opportunity they provided for people to meet together outside their own homes and to discuss the topics of the day had an enormous impact on social life, and many social movements and political developments had their origins in coffee house discussions. 【Q33】
In the late 1600s, the Yemeni monopoly on coffee production broke down and coffee production started to spread around the world, helped by European colonization. Europeans set up coffee plantations in Indonesia and the Caribbean and production of coffee in the colonies skyrocketed. Different types of coffee were produced in different areas, and it’s interesting that the names given to these different types, like Mocha or Java coffee, were often taken from the port they were shipped to Europe from 【Q34】. But if you look at the labour system in the different colonies, there were some significant differences.
In Brazil and the various Caribbean colonies, coffee was grown in huge plantations and the workers there were almost all slaves 【Q35】. But this wasn’t the same in all colonies; for example in Java, which had been colonized by the Dutch, the peasants grew coffee and passed a proportion of this on to the Dutch, so it was used as a means of taxation 【Q36】. But whatever system was used, under the European powers of the eighteenth century, coffee production was very closely linked to colonisation. Coffee was grown in ever-increasing quantities to satisfy the growing demand from Europe, and it became nearly as important as sugar production 【Q37】, which was grown under very similar conditions. However, coffee prices were not yet low enough for people to drink it regularly at home, so most coffee consumption still took place in public coffee houses and it still remained something of a luxury item. In Britain, however, a new drink was introduced from China, and started to become popular, gradually taking over from coffee, although at first it was so expensive that only the upper classes could afford it. This was tea, and by the late 1700s it was being widely drunk. However, when the USA gained independence from Britain in 1766, they identified this drink with Britain, and coffee remained the preferred drink in the USA 【Q38】, as it still is today.
So, by the early nineteenth century, coffee was already being widely produced and consumed. But during this century, production boomed and coffee prices started to fall. This was partly because new types of transportation had been developed which were cheaper and more efficient 【Q39】. So now, working people could afford to buy coffee – it wasn’t just a drink for the middle classes. And this was at a time when large parts of Europe were starting to work in industries. And sometimes this meant their work didn’t stop when it got dark; they might have to continue throughout the night 【Q40】. So, the use of coffee as a stimulant became important – it wasn’t just a drink people drank in the morning, for breakfast.
There were also changes in cultivation …
Complete the notes below.
Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
听前预测：定位词 1623、ruler；提示词 ordered、the。此处应填名词。
题目解析：本题定位词和答案一起出现，原文对应信息为“in 1623 the ruler of Constantinople demanded the destruction of all the coffee houses in the city”，其中 demanded 为题干提示词 ordered 的同义替换，因此答案为 destruction。
听前预测：定位词 seventeenth century；提示词 were compared to。此处应填名词。
题目解析：我们首先听到了定位词 seventeenth century，然后听到“…coffee shops became places where ordinary people, nearly always men, could meet to exchange ideas. Because of this, some people said that these places performed a similar function to universities.”，其中 performed a similar function to 为题干提示词 were compared to 的同义替换，因此答案为 universities。
听前预测：定位词 social；提示词 changes。
题目解析：我们首先听到了定位词 social，然后听到答案句“many social movements and political developments had their origins in coffee house discussions”，其中 developments 对应题干提示词 changes，因此答案为并列连词 and 之后的 political。此题考查并列结构，属于送分题。
听前预测：定位词 Types、were…named；提示词 the、came from。此处应填名词。
题目解析：我们首先听到了定位词 Types，然后听到答案句“…it’s interesting that the names given to these different types, like Mocha or Java coffee, were often taken from the port they were shipped to Europe from. ”，其中 names given to 为题干中 were…named 的同义替换，from 与 came from 为同义替换，因此答案为 port。
听前预测：定位词 Brazil、Caribbean；提示词 most、depended on。
题目解析：我们首先听到了定位词 Brazil、Caribbean，然后听到答案对应信息“coffee was grown in huge plantations and the workers there were almost all slaves”，其中 almost all 对应题干中的 most，因此答案为 slaves 或其同义表达 slavery。
听前预测：定位词 Java；提示词 a form of。此处应填名词。
题目解析：我们首先听到了定位词 Java，然后听到答案对应信息“…the peasants grew coffee and passed a proportion of this on to the Dutch, so it was used as a means of taxation.”，其中 a means of 为题干提示词 a form of 的同义替换，因此答案为 taxation。
听前预测：定位词 as important as；提示词 almost。此处应填名词。
题目解析：本题定位词和答案一起出现，原文对应信息为“it became nearly as important as sugar”，其中定位词 as important as 原词出现，nearly 为题干提示词 almost 的同义替换，因此答案为 sugar。
听前预测：定位词 Britain、USA；提示词 did not…take place。
题目解析：我们首先听到了定位词 In Britain，然后听到“when the USA…they identified this drink with…and coffee remained the preferred drink in the USA”， 其中 remained the preferred drink 对应题干提示词 did not…take place，this drink 指代前面提到的 tea，因此答案为 tea。
听前预测：定位词 Prices；提示词 dropped、because。
题目解析：我们首先听到了定位词 Prices，然后听到答案对应信息“…coffee prices started to fall. This was partly because new types of transportation had been developed which were cheaper and more efficient.”，其中 fall 为题干提示词 dropped 的同义替换， because 后直接引出答案 transportation。
听前预测：定位词 Industrial workers；提示词 work at。
题目解析：首先听到定位词 Industrial workers 的同义替换 work in industries，然后听到答案对应信息“sometimes this meant their work didn’t stop when it got dark; they might have to continue throughout the night”，其中 continue throughout 对应题干提示词 work at，因此答案为 night。
